Open science

As defined by the European Commission in its Horizon Europe programme, open science is an approach based on open cooperative work and the systematic sharing of knowledge and tools as early as possible in the research process. Open science practices cover a broad spectrum that may include the early and open sharing of research (e.g. through pre-registration of scientific research hypotheses and methodologies, reports, preprints or crowdsourcing); management of research results and measures to ensure their reproducibility; provision of open access to research results (publications, research data, software, models, algorithms and workflows); openness in peer review processes; and involvement of all relevant knowledge actors, including citizens, civil society and users in the co-creation of R&I agendas and content (such as citizen science).